SUMERIAN ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Vol.3 (L-R)

De Lafayette Mega Sumerian-English Dictionary is a major & unprecedented accomplishment in the fields of linguistics & comparative study of ancient languages and civilizations; it is a Comparative Lexicon of Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Chaldean, Phoenician, Ugaritic, Hittite, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Arabic.

It is unique, because it does not only translate & define Sumerian words, but also tells us how and where from the Sumerian words originated & their derivations & refers us to similar words (Similar meaning, writing and pronunciations) found in Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Chaldean, Phoenician, Ugaritic, Hittite, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Arabic. Here are samples of how the dictionary lists and defines Sumerian words and references made to other ancient languages:

* Habiru, "Eberu", "Ebara", "Apiru", "Habiri": Noun.
* Akkadian/Assyrian/Proto Hebrew/Egyptian/Sumerian/
* Akkadian/Phoenician/Semite. 
* Name of the early Jews/Hebrews. 
* Derived from the Akkadian word Ebara, usually referring to the early Hebrews/Jews who crossed the desert of Sinai. 
* Habiru means those who traversed or crossed a land or a river. 'Aber in Arabic means the person who crossed or traveled a land. 
* The Assyrian verb is Ebro, meaning to cross; it is a contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. 
* Ebara in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. 
* Eberu in Akkadian. 
* Abra in Arabic. 
* The verb is Eberu in Akkadian/Assyrian. 
* a- To cross over.
* b- To traverse.
* Ebara in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. 
* Ebro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. 
* 'Aber in Arabic means the person who crossed or traveled a land.
* 'Aabiroun in plural.



* Ama: Noun. Mother. 
* Ima in Hebrew. 
* Ama in ancient Syriac. 
* Ummum in Akkadian. 
* Oum in literary/written Arabic, and Mama in spoken Arabic.
* Anna in Hittite.





* Bit: Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. A house. 
* Beit in Hebrew. 
* Beyt, Bayt and Beit in Arabic. 
* Bet, Bayto and Bayta in ancient Aramaic.
* Bitu in ancient Akkadian.



* Shamash: Noun. Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. 
* In the Sumerian mythology, he is associated with god Utu. (d ama, in Akkadian) Shamash is the sun god, and the son of Sin and Ningal, created by the Anunnaki.
* In Akkadian and Sumerian, Shamash means the sun.
* From Shamash, derived the:
* a- Arabic word Shams "Chams", which means the sun. 
* b- Hebrew word Shemesh, which means the sun. The Hebraic city of Beit Shemesh (Beit means house, but here, it means temple. Shemesh means sun) was named after the Canaanite sun goddess Shemesh.
* c- Aramaic word sheh'-mesh, which also means the sun.
* d- Phoenician and Ugaritic words Shem and Shema, which mean the sun and are used as a symbol for the heavens.
* Etymologically, all these words derived from the Ana'kh word Shama, which means either the sun or the heavens (Sky). In the Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablets, Shamash is depicted as "the supreme judge of heaven and earth", and "the lord of all living creatures." 



In addition, the dictionary tells us how words were used, who used them and where did those words appear in epics & clay tablets.


* Gabsu "Gabsa": Adverb. Adjective. Sumerian/Assyrian 
* Meaning: Mighty, Large, Strong.
* "Edu gabshu sha mahira la ishu." Annals of Sardanapalus.  "Mighty leader, who has no rival."
*"Kizir shunu gabsha lu pirisha." From the Annals of Tiglath Pileser.  "I broke through their large body." 
* "Itti umanate-shunu gabshate ina er va shade huris lu amdahiz." Annals of Tiglath Pileser.  "I victoriously fought with their strong soldiers in city and mountain ."

* Habal: Noun Sumerian/Akkadian. Corruption 
* "Shuteshur la lihi la habal." Sargina, Khorsabad. "To rule without violence, without corruption."